Case Study Mr.Dees Essay - 1721 Words

Case Study: Mr.Dees * Mr.Dee is a hard-working person that he studied in Berkeley and did his master in international trade. At the same he got married but he is has some unknown and blind factors which causes him to change his job a lot and lost his family. He needed to become more self-aware. He quit his job and he started to work with the company, Mitsubishi. Besides working in there, he started his own company with a partnership. Mr Dee, his partner and his partner’s wife have different things to do in the company and at first they make good money. Then Mr.Dee began hearing rumors and started to search it without biases. â€Å"In that situation it can be clearly seen that he shows the â€Å"†BLIND† characteristics of JoHari Window.†¦show more content†¦The idea of competitors changed to be cohorts. â€Å"In order to be successful in that case Mr.Dees manages the conflict constructively. He generated the current solutions and searched fort he common acceptable solution. Also asking to the team members shows that he triedto figure out what they have learned. In addition to this, he gave importance on Rational Goal Model and to its analysis. He focused on providing a vision that inspires followers and justifies the organization. To achieve this vision, the steps needed to be taken were clarified fort he optimum effectiveness.† * There is a moderate increase in railroad. Also they won an award. After 3 years later, Mr. Stevens was spending the railroad out of business. When it was discovered Mr.Dees was downsized again. * Mr.Dees moved to India to start grain marketing business. The contracts and bills took almost all of his time. His daily bids and the externel forces like weather, government controls†¦ made him to change this job to something which can be less stressful and more stable. So he closed it. Although selling insurance can be weird, he got lots of benefits from it. TO MOVE TO CALIFORNIA * He got back together with his highschool sweetheart and he tried to provide a better life for his children. He wanted to built his own business and to be his own boss. But uneducated wife bothered him to discipline his children. The emotion of his vision forced him to overcome these challanges andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mr. Dees1443 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasures to adequately capture whether or not that objective has been achieved. For the first objective, it can be measured firstly by the grading that im achieving in each course. Secondly, the degree of practical implementing for what I gained in my study and how I will implement it in the future. For the second objective, it can be measured by the feeling of satisfaction on myself for each subject I have taken. Compare the objectives and measures that you have developed. Do you see

Ifc Survey Report in Ghana Free Essays

IFC Survey Reports Expansion of Ghana’s Leasing Market WEBWIRE – Thursday, August 30, 2007 IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, today released the findings of its second annual survey of Ghana’s leasing market. The results show that the number of new leases issued in the country grew from 311 in 2005 to 536 at the end of 2006 – an increase of 72 percent. The total lease portfolio represented by gross lease receivables by the sector also increased by over 73 percent from $29. We will write a custom essay sample on Ifc Survey Report in Ghana or any similar topic only for you Order Now million in 2005 to $51. 3 million in 2006. The report notes a significant increase in the number of leasing providers, from seven in 2005 to 12 in 2007, with many banking institutions entering the sector. The Leasing in Ghana 2007 report represents the most comprehensive survey of Ghana’s leasing market to date. It highlights major developments in the leasing industry in 2006 and makes recommendations for further improvements in the policy, regulatory, and tax environments that govern the sector. The report was compiled by the SECO IFC Leasing Program, a project that seeks to enhance the role of leasing as an alternative financing mechanism for businesses in Ghana. Launching the report, Taba Cookey, SECO IFC Leasing Program Manager, said, â€Å"IFC is committed to supporting efforts that deepen Ghana’s financial sector and expand access to finance for the private sector. The 2007 survey provides strong evidence that the leasing sector is playing an increasingly important role in financing the needs of private businesses in Ghana. Philippe Sas, Economic Advisor at SECO, said, â€Å"Leasing is important, because it benefits mostly small and medium enterprises that generally cannot access financing from banking institutions. It makes it easier for these businesses to acquire capital equipment even when they lack the credit history or sufficient collateral to access traditional forms of financing. † Speaking at the launch, Dela Selormey, Head of Banking Supervision at the Bank of Ghana, commended the development of the leasing sector and outlined various efforts by the bank to support further growth of the financial sector. Worldwide, leasing has demonstrated the ability to increase investment in capital equipment. Leasing plays an important role in economic development. For example, it is reported that every 8 to 9 percent growth in leasing activities leads to a corresponding 1 percent average growth in a country’s GDP. In developed countries, leasing is used to finance about one-third of private investments. How to cite Ifc Survey Report in Ghana, Papers

The 7 Psychology Science Approaches free essay sample

The seven modern perspectives of psychology are the biological approach, the behavioral approach, the psychodynamic approach, the humanistic approach, the cognitive approach, the evolutionary approach, and the sociocultural approach. 1. The biological approach focuses on the body, brain and the nervous system. One example would be like the way your heart races when you’re afraid. The biological factors influences your specific brain structures and neurotransmitters that can contribute to depression. 2. The behavioral approach is the scientific study of your observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. It is the conflict between biological drives and society’s demands, and early childhood family experiences. One behavioral view of depression focuses on learned helplessness, and individual’s acquisition of feelings of powerlessness when exposed to aversive circumstances like stress. 3. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes your unconscious thought. This approach is believed to be deep impulses buried deep within your unconscious mind. This influences the way people think, feel, and behave. We will write a custom essay sample on The 7 Psychology Science Approaches or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This can contribute to depression. 4. The humanistic approach emphasizes on a person’s positive qualities. I don’t think that would play a role in depression. 5. The cognitive approach emphasizes on your mental processes involved in knowing. How we perceive and solve problems. A cognitive explanation of depression focuses on the kinds of thoughts and beliefs that can contribute to a sense of hopelessness. 6. The evolutionary approach uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. The evolutionary approach provides an inaccurate explanation of why men and women have different social roles and does not adequately account for cultural diversity and experiences. This can also play a role in depression. 7. The sociocultural approach is the approach in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. Individuals with low socioeconomic status, especially people living in poverty, are more likely to develop depression. Reference: The Science of Psychology 2 by Laura A. King

Studied For The Development Of This Report â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Studied For Development Of This Report? Answer: Introduction The case study, which has been studied for the development of this report mainly, deals with the issues concerned with the storage of huge amount of data, which is there to be accesses by public for the use in their business. The proper use of a Big Data analysis and storage server will be able to significantly benefit the organization. However, there are several security issues present with the use and accessibility of big data that ultimately ends with the cause of data breach and loss in data . The case study has been compiled to deal with the threats and issues, which are faced by ENISA (Wu et al., 2014). The key threat agents of ENISA has also been discussed in the case study. This report discusses the procedures to implement to eliminate the threats from the data system and the various security issues associated with ENISA (Inukollu, Arsi Ravuri, 2014). The treat infrastructure of ENISA and the key threat agents of the organization has also been discussed. A detailed analysis of the ENISA case study has been discussed in the following sections. Overview and ENISA big data Infrastructure The following is a brief overview of the ENISA case study and provides an infrastructure diagram of the ENISA: Overview The ENISA case study is focused on the broader topic of big data with the implementation procedure and the threats associated with the use of big data. The rise in the problems associated with the security and data breaches is a matter of huge concern in todays world and thus proper measures has to be taken to minimize such risks and breaches. The case study deals with the different threats associated with the use of big data in todays technology and the significant roles, which are present in various aspects of the society (Wright De Hert, 2012). For a large data driven economics business the use of big data is of huge significance. In recent times big data has found its usage in the field of military institutions to fight terrorism and in the field of research work. Thus, it can be said that the technology offers a large number of advantages and can be considered a major source of data and information. However the large source of information has been found to be exposed to a numbe r of threats and has also received attacks form subsequent threat agents (Gonzalez et al., 2012). The systems associated with the big data can also be used in a wide range of applications. The case study has been constructed to understand the different threats already present in the system and the possible steps that can be taken to eliminate the threat agents associated with the use of big data. The case study also provides an overview of the risk management process and strategies for the elimination of the risks associated with the use of the big data technology (Theoharidou et al., 2013). The case study emphasizes the cloud storages as a major storage place for the big data. Cloud storage has always been considered to be associated with different types of risks and problems which needs to be eliminated for the safety of the data breach and for the minimization of data loss (Tan et al., 2014). The case study also provides a detailed description of the infrastructure architecture o f the big data storage modules, which comprises of a high-leveled conceptual model. The prominent layers in the big data architecture consists of the data sources, storage modules, computing models and the presentation layers. The big data taxonomy discussed in the case study provides a brief overview of the assets and the structure associated with big data (Theoharidou, Tsalis Gritzalis, 2013). The major components of any big data server is the analytics, data security and the structure to be followed for the privacy of the data. The infrastructure of the ENISA has been discussed below in the form of a diagram: Figure1: presentation of the ENISA big data security Infrastructure (Source: Created by Author) Top Threats associated with ENISA and their significance Security threats gets associated with any form of data storage. Hackers try to launch attacks on the data servers to gain access to a large amount of information (Seshardi et al., 2012). The following is the list of top threats, which are associated with the ENISA data servers: Leak in data servers due to the use of unsecure APIs big data servers are often built with less amount of security measure, which makes the attack based on the use of unsecure API causes data breaches. Direct injection of scripts are launched through the unsecured API and therefore are considered one of the major threats in the big data implementation. The assets, which are targeted by the hackers, are mainly big data analytics, computing and software models (Pearson, 2013). Lack in the designing of the security system of the big data servers can lead to a number of threats. The breaches make the data sets are filed up with redundant data representation, which makes the management of the data sources to be impossible. This redundancy clouds the fact that if any kind of data had been stolen from the data set or not. The targeted assets mainly include the applications and data from large organization (Pearson, 2013). Denial of service attack the denial of service attack is mainly aimed at making the available resources to be blocked by the use of unauthorized access into the system and generating random requests to different pages. The acknowledgements congest out the whole network and the network eventually breaks down. The attack also decreases the performance of the system. They are mainly attacked on the servers and the network which the organization is connected to (Pearson, 2013). Malicious software and code activity apart from all the threats that has been discussed the attack-generated form a malicious software or a malicious code produces the greatest threat to the data server. This is due to the fat that the malicious code could be programmed to do any kind of harm to the system without the knowledge of the user. The threats come in the form of small files and programs, which initiate the working process on its own and spreads throughput the network. These threats should be eliminated with highest priority (Roberts, Indermaur Spiranovic, 2013). Using unauthorized certificates generation of a set of unauthorized certificates and using them to gain access to the network can lead to a significant amount of data breach and data loss. They mainly target the software and hardware associated data (Roberts, Indermaur Spiranovic, 2013). Eavesdropping of the network intercepting the data flow in the network could lead to the form of data breach. These include login credentials and back end services (Roberts, Indermaur Spiranovic, 2013). Identity fraud accessing of sensitive information while being posed as someone else can be a form of data breach. This issue mainly deals with the loss in the personal information. Most significant Threat Out of the threats discussed in the above section, the threats due to the use of unauthorized certificates can be stated as the potential top threat in the big data server scenario. This has been stated as the major threat because the data security officer who is in charge of the whole system does not always check the use of certificates (Chen Zhao, 2012). This causes the data breach to get unnoticed until it is thoroughly checked. Moreover, the main target of this type of attack are the hardware and the software. These two are the main components in the system. It they get compromised the whole data system is compromised. The security manager should check this and proper measures should be implemented to reduce the security risks (Pavlyushchik, 2014). The general target of these type of attacks are the high profile companies and organizations. Business has found increasing use in modern technology and thus security protocols should be improvised Threat agents, impact and threat probability The major top threat agents that are associated with use of big data servers and the threats probability of the situation is discussed in the following list: Corporation the major threat concern of nay organization is the security concern of the big data in large corporation who target their competitors to gain knowledge of their strategies. They steal information form their servers and use them to gain profit from the loss of their competitors. Cyber criminals- thee most dangerous threat with the security of the big data for all organization is the threat from cyber criminals. They gain access to the big data servers with the help of the network. They mainly do this to benefit from the financial point of view. Thus proper intrusion management system can help in the elimination of such threats (Taylor, Fritsch Liederbach, 2014). Cyber terrorist cyber terrorist are very much similar to the cyber criminals with the only difference between them is that they do not pertain to a small area of attack. Their range of attack is wide spread. They mainly target important infrastructures like electricity distribution plant and military bases. This would in turn cause a wide spread panic attack on the nation. Script kiddies these are amateur hackers who has very little knowledge about the working of a hacking system. They play with small scripts which they inject into the network or the system and execute small attacks (Taylor, Fritsch Liederbach, 2014). Employees- working employees of an organization poses a serious threat for the organization. They always get access to all the important document and information of the organization and thus can launch an attack silently by leaking out sensitive information to the hackers who would benefit from the details. Nation states these are by far the most dangerous type of threat agent in the world. They have all types of resources in their hand and can launch an attack on any of the other nations without the nation even knowing about it. They are highly skilled and have the best tools at their dispose (Taylor, Fritsch Liederbach, 2014). Minimization of the Impact of the Threat To minimize the threats in the organization the following steps can be followed: Have an authorized access control for all the information present in the data server of the organization. As the storage of the informations are done on a cloud-based server, the information should be categorized into level wise distribution. This would enable the monitoring of the information easy for the security experts. Enabling of the use of cryptographic functions to store data in the server and during the transmission of data within the organizations network system. Use of proper cryptographic functions will disable the hackers from knowing the content of the information even if they are able to take out packets from the network stream. Implementation of better and innovative network systems in the organization would help them to control the inflow and outflow of the network traffic. Adding a network packet checker in the data stream of the organization will help them to monitor which is the unrequired packet that is being shared by the employees of the organization. Scheduled training of the training staff of the organization is important to make them understand the working procedure of the organization. They should be made known that keeping the information of the organization safe from the hands of the hackers is the top most priority. Threat and Probability trends The different threats that is associated with the use of big data servers and technology as attackers are planning new ways to attack the data servers in order to steal the data from the organizations. The threats and the probability of them occurring in the system needs to be reduced by the organization or they might suffer a huge loss of information and profit. Different security measures can be taken up by the organization to safe guard the data servers. For the complete elimination of the threats, the root cause of all these problems must be found and attended to. Improving ETL process The ENISA threat landscape or ETL has discussed about the different threats that is associated with the organization. The repost has a specific topic of discussion mainly the threats, which is associated with the information technology used by the organization (ENISA, 2017). The major drawback of the report is that there is only discussion about the threats, which is associated with the big data servers and the data sets. It is advisable to include a more detailed structure and information about the different risks, which has evolved over time. The ETL can be improved with the addition of different threats already associated with the big data servers and its mitigation remedies. The ENISA can follow the following recommendation to improve their ETL- Storing of any kind of small information, which may be useful during the documentation process (ENISA, 2017). Load data into the system systematically. However, it would take longer than usual, but would help in able to store the complete set of data without any mistakes. The organization should move onto use the Apache Hadoop software which provides a set of tools useful for the implementation of the data analysis and to understand the data that has already been collected (Cherdantseva et al,. 2016). Current State of IT security The ENISA organization has been found to be not satisfied with the information structure that they are following. Threats associated with the security system still pertains to the same level (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). The security features of the organization needs to be upgraded and different features and protocols needs to be included in the system to keep the data safe form the hands of the hackers. The report has discussed a number of different security measures, which can be implemented. One of the major threat that is associated with the use of big data servers is that the redundancy of information is not always checked. This could help in reducing the storage space, which in turn would make the management of the information easy (Albakri et al., 2014). The use of unsecured API also should be avoided with highest priority. Moreover, to be on the safe side proper intrusion detection system should also be implemented into the system to have an extra layer of security. Conclusion Form the above discussion it can be started that the ENISA big data infrastructure should go under the thorough checking of the security protocols and the measures that has already been taken in the organization. The report has identified major threats that are associated with the big data system. The report also suggests the different techniques that are used for the minimization of the risks. Big data has found increasing use in modern technology and thus security protocols should be improvised. References Albakri, S. H., Shanmugam, B., Samy, G. N., Idris, N. B., Ahmed, A. (2014). Security risk assessment framework for cloud computing environments. Security and Communication Networks, 7(11), 2114-2124. Big Data Threat Landscape Nursing. (2017). Enisa.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/bigdata-threat-landscape Brucker, A. D., Hang, I., Lckemeyer, G., Ruparel, R. (2012, June). SecureBPMN: Modeling and enforcing access control requirements in business processes. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies (pp. 123-126). ACM. Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. In Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Cherdantseva, Y., Burnap, P., Blyth, A., Eden, P., Jones, K., Soulsby, H., Stoddart, K. (2016). A review of cyber security risk assessment methods for SCADA systems. computers security, 56, 1-27. Gonzalez, N., Miers, C., Redigolo, F., Simplicio, M., Carvalho, T., Nslund, M., Pourzandi, M. (2012). A quantitative analysis of current security concerns and solutions for cloud computing. Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications, 1(1), 11. Inukollu, V. N., Arsi, S., Ravuri, S. R. (2014). Security issues associated with big data in cloud computing. International Journal of Network Security Its Applications, 6(3), 45. Pavlyushchik, M. A. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,713,631. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Pearson, S. (2013). Privacy, security and trust in cloud computing. In Privacy and Security for Cloud Computing (pp. 3-42). Springer London. Roberts, L. D., Indermaur, D., Spiranovic, C. (2013). Fear of cyber-identity theft and related fraudulent activity. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 20(3), 315-328. Seshardi, V., Ramzan, Z., Satish, S., Kalle, C. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,266,698. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Stallings, W., Tahiliani, M. P. (2014). Cryptography and network security: principles and practice (Vol. 6). London: Pearson. Tan, Z., Jamdagni, A., He, X., Nanda, P., Liu, R. P. (2014). A system for denial-of-service attack detection based on multivariate correlation analysis. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 25(2), 447-456. Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., Liederbach, J. (2014). Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press. Theoharidou, M., Tsalis, N., Gritzalis, D. (2013, June). In cloud we trust: Risk-Assessment-as-a-Service. In IFIP International Conference on Trust Management (pp. 100-110). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Von Solms, R., Van Niekerk, J. (2013). From information security to cyber security. computers security, 38, 97-102. Wright, D., De Hert, P. (2012). Introduction to privacy impact assessment. In Privacy Impact Assessment (pp. 3-32). Springer Netherlands. Wu, X., Zhu, X., Wu, G. Q., Ding, W. (2014). Data mining with big data. IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering

Research Paper Essay For College

Research Paper Essay For CollegeYour college's application requirements are strict when it comes to a sample research paper essay for college. Your choices on how to write this must be careful and thought out. It is your best opportunity to impress your admissions committee, so use it wisely.You can either use an actual college research paper, or use a sample research paper essay for college. Your choice will reflect on how well you can complete the essay, as well as how well you can interact with the reader. Whether you choose to use an actual research paper or a sample research paper, it is important that your essay is unique, original, and unbiased. Your choice also reflects on your attitude toward your academic career.What do you write about? This question is fairly simple to answer, but many students forget to do so. What topic do you want to discuss? You need to list some major or minor academic topics, from which you may select the appropriate essay topic.What type of essay do you plan to write for your particular college? A research paper that covers a few general topics will not necessarily fit you well in a particular school. Make sure that the topic is something you really care about.What kind of research paper do you plan to write? This is more difficult to answer because some people will always prefer research papers with a lot of in-depth reading. In order to ensure that you are not biased, you should focus on a particular area of study, rather than generalities.Make sure that you keep your essay brief. Be concise and readable, without being boring. Use different approaches, such as a case study or case report, to move your essay forward. This will make your essay interesting, and it will help with the reading comprehension level of your reader.With these tips, you will have a lot of help in choosing a research paper essay for college. Use them to give yourself the best chance of being accepted to your dream school.

Will Rogers Essays (1221 words) - American Old West, Agriculture

Will Rogers Will Rogers was a cowboy that did rope tricks. He was loved by the crowds that watched him. ?Onto the stage ambled a friendly-faced, tousled-haired man wearing a cowboy getup and carrying a collection of lassos in his hand. He smiled at the audience, then threw out one of the ropes, twirling it in a circle in preparation for one of the complicated rope tricks he was hired to perform. But as he went into the trick, he miscalculated the size of the small stage, and the rope whacked into the backdrop and fell to the ground with a loud thud. The audience was silent as the obviously embarrassed cowboy reached down and picked it up. Without a word, he tried the trick a second time. Again, the rope slammed loudly onto the stage floor. Show directors had a standard way of dealing with such a disasters-get the performer away from the audience as fast as possible, or ?give'em the hook? in the theater parlance. As the curtain came down on the rope twirler, Buck thought sadly that the curtain had probably been drawn on the young hopeful's career. To his surprise, the audience was thinking differently. Instead of hurling jeers and catcalls, people here and there began to clap, and soon the entire theater was filled with the sound of applauses. The curtain went back up, but when the audience saw another musical number was next, they booed and hooted, demanding the return of the clumsy cowboy. They did not care that he had botched his act-there was something so appealing about him that the audience just wanted to see more of him. -2 The curtain went back down; after a few tense moments, it rose again as the cowboy, his smile even broader this time out, sauntered back onstage. The act went well this time out, and the audience responded with a standing ovation. Buck was impressed. It did not take too much imagination to recognize that he had found a real crowd pleaser.?1 In 1915, Will was becoming a follies star. He quickly got bored of his act. ?By 1915, Rogers had become a staple of the vaudeville circuit. He had no trouble getting jobs, and his act inevitably drew raves from the critics and the public alike. Recognition and good pay were not quite enough for Rogers, however, for he quickly grew bored doing the same type of act over and over. A man of tremendous energy, Rogers always had to have new challenges in order to maintain the level of concentration he needed to be at his absolute best as a performer.?2 War World I helped Will's career. He became a cracker-box humorist. ?In the Follies his famous line, ?Well, all I know is what I read in the papers,? introduced new highlights which he learned to bring into homely but unexpected focus. ?I never told a story in my life,? he once said. ?What little humor I've got pertains to now.? What the Civil War had been to earlier cracker-box humorists, and the Spanish-American War to Mr. Dooley, the First World War became to the rising star of Will Rogers-and continued through its sequels from the Peace Conference (?The United States never lost a war or won a conference?) to the Coolidge bull market (?Two thirds of the people promote while one-third provide?). As a Westerner, Rogers understood the Virginian's famous formula, ?When you say that, smile!? With a jester's immunity he deflated rhetoric, buncombe, and group smugness; and surprisingly few tempers were lost. ?3 -3 Will started writhing newspaper articles in 1922. He was a popular writer. ? In November 1922 Rogers had begun a long series of weekly articles for The New York Times and the Times from London, July 29, 1926, about Lady Astor's visit to Manhattan, set the tradition of his daily telegram, one terse paragraph that curbed his genial wordiness and proved to be his most popular medium. Syndication carried it to some 350 newspapers, with an estimated 40,000,000 readers. Writing almost constantly of politics, and belonging nominally to the Democratic party (because ?it's funnier to be a Democrat?), Rogers wisely chose the nonpartisan point of view.?4 Will loved to travel. Even if it could cost him his life. ?In the late summer of 1935 he planned a flight north to the Orient with his fellow Oklahoman, Wiley Post [q.v.]. About fifteen miles from Point Barrow, Alaska, on Aug. 15, their monoplane developed engine trouble and, with an Eskimo hunter

The Ultimate Guide to the AP Statistics Exam

The Ultimate Guide to the AP Statistics Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking AP Statistics? If so, you're likely wondering what to expect from the AP Statistics exam. Before you sit down to take the final test, it's important to understand how the AP Stats test is formatted, what topics it will cover, and how it'll be scored. This guide will explain all of that information, show you official sample problems and give you tips on the best way to prepare for the AP Statistics test. In 2020, the AP Statistics exam will take place on Friday, May 15th at 12:00pm. How Is the AP Statistics Exam Structured? How long is the AP Statistics exam? The test is a total of three hours long and contains two sections: multiple choice and free response. You're allowed a graphing calculator for the entire exam. Multiple-Choice Section 40 multiple-choice questions 90 minutes long Worth 50% of exam score You can spend an average of a little more than two minutes on each multiple-choice question and finish the section in time. Free-Response Section 5 short-answer questions 1 Investigative Task 90 minutes long Worth 50% of exam score The five short-answer questions are meant to each be solved in about 12 minutes, and the Investigative Task is meant to be solved in about 30 minutes. What Does the AP Statistics Exam Test You On? The content of the AP Stats exam and course is centered around four major topics. Below are the four topics, along with what percentage of the exam will be on them and all the topics that fall beneath each of them. The list covers every single topic that the AP Statistics exam could test you on. #1: Exploring Data: Describing Patterns and Departures From Patterns (20-30%) Constructing and interpreting graphical displays of distributions of univariate data (dotplot, stemplot, histogram, cumulative frequency plot) Center and spread Clusters and gaps Outliers and other unusual features Shape Summarizing distributions of univariate data Measuring center: median, mean Measuring spread: range, interquartile range, standard deviation Measuring position: quartiles, percentiles, standardized scores (z-scores) Using boxplots The effect of changing units on summary measures Comparing distributions of univariate data (dotplots, back-to-back stemplots, parallel boxplots) Comparing center and spread: within group, between group variation Comparing clusters and gaps Comparing outliers and other unusual features Comparing shapes Exploring bivariate data Analyzing patterns in scatterplots Correlation and linearity Least-squares regression line Residual plots, outliers, and influential points Transformations to achieve linearity: logarithmic and power transformations Exploring categorical data Frequency tables and bar charts Marginal and joint frequencies for two-way tables Conditional relative frequencies and association Comparing distributions using bar charts #2: Sampling and Experimentation: Planning and Conducting a Study (10-15%) Planning and conducting experiments Characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted experiment Treatments, control groups, experimental units, random assignments and replication Sources of bias and confounding, including placebo effect and blinding Completely randomized design Randomized block design, including matched pairs design Overview of methods of data collection Census Sample survey Experiment Observational study Planning and conducting surveys Characteristics of a well-designed and well-conducted survey Populations, samples, and random selection Sources of bias in sampling and surveys Sampling methods, including simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling Generalizability of results and types of conclusions that can be drawn from observational studies, experiments, and surveys #3: Anticipating Patterns: Exploring Random Phenomena Using Probability and Simulation (20-30%) The normal distribution Properties of the normal distribution Using tables of the normal distribution The normal distribution as a model for measurements Probability Interpreting probability, including long-run relative frequency interpretation "Law of Large Numbers" concept Addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional probability, and independence Discrete random variables and their probability distributions, including binomial and geometric Simulation of random behavior and probability distributions Mean (expected value) and standard deviation of a random variable, and linear transformation of a random variable Combining independent random variables Notion of independence versus dependence Mean and standard deviation for sums and differences of independent random variables Sampling distributions Sampling distribution of a sample proportion Sampling distribution of a sample mean Central Limit Theorem Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample proportions Sampling distribution of a difference between two independent sample means Simulation of sampling distributions t-distribution Chi-square distribution #4: Statistical Inference: Estimating Population Parameters and Testing Hypotheses (30-40%) Estimation (point estimators and confidence intervals) Estimating population parameters and margins of error Properties of point estimators, including unbiasedness and variability Logic of confidence intervals, meaning of confidence level and confidence intervals, and properties of confidence intervals Large sample confidence interval for a proportion Large sample confidence interval for a difference between two proportions Confidence interval for a mean Confidence interval for a difference between two means (unpaired and paired) Confidence interval for the slope of a least-squares regression line Tests of Significance Logic of significance testing, null and alternative hypotheses; p-values; one- and two-sided tests; concepts of Type I and Type II errors; concept of power Large sample test for a proportion Large sample test for a difference between two proportions Test for a mean Test for a difference between two means (unpaired and paired) Chi-square test for goodness of fit, homogeneity of proportions, and independence (one- and two-way tables) Test for the slope of a least-squares regression line AP Statistics Sample Questions As we mentioned above, there are three types of questions on the AP Stats exam: multiple choice, short answer, and investigative task. Below are examples of each question type. You can see more sample questions and answer explanations in the AP Statistics Course Description. Multiple-Choice Sample Question There are 40 multiple-choice questions on the exam. Each has five answer options. Some questions will be accompanied by a chart or graph you need to analyze to answer the question. Short-Answer Sample Question There are five short-answer questions on the AP Stats test. Each of these questions typically includes several different parts you need to answer. You're expected to spend about 12 minutes on each short-answer question. Investigative Task Sample Question The final question on the exam is the Investigative Task question. This is the most in-depth question on the test, and you should spend about 30 minutes answering it. It will have multiple parts you need to answer and require multiple statistics skills. You'll also need to provide a detailed explanation of your answers that shows the strength of your statistics skills. Be sure to show all your work as you'll be graded on the completeness of your answer. How Is the AP Statistics Test Graded? For the multiple-choice part of the exam, you earn one point for each question you answer correctly. There are no point deductions for incorrect answers or questions you leave blank. Official AP graders will grade your free-response questions. Each of the six free-response questions is scored on a scale of 0 to 4 points, so the total section is out of 24 points. The free-response questions are graded holistically, which means, instead of getting a point or half a point for each bit of correct information you include, graders look at your answer to each question as a "complete package," and your grade is awarded on the overall quality of your answer. The grading rubric for each free-response question is: 4: Complete Response: Shows complete understanding of the problem's statistical components 3: Substantial Response: May include arithmetic errors, but answers are still reasonable and show substantial understanding of the problem's statistical components 2: Developing Response: May include errors that result in some unreasonable answers, but shows some understanding of the problem's statistical components 1: Minimal Response: Misuses or fails to use appropriate statistical techniques and shows only a limited understanding of statistical components by failing to identify important components 0: No Response: Shows little or no understanding of statistical components What does holistic grading mean for you? Basically, you can't expect to earn many points by including a few correct equations or arithmetic answers if you're missing key statistical analysis. You need to show you understand how to use stats to get a good score on these questions. Estimating Your AP Statistics Score If you take a practice AP Stats exam (which you should!) you'll want to get an estimate of what your score on it is so you can get an idea of how well you'd do on the real exam. To estimate your score, you'll need to do a few calculations. 1. Multiply the number of points you got on the multiple-choice section by 1.25 2. For free-response questions 1 through 5, add the number of points you got together and multiply that sum by 1.875 (don't round). If you need help estimating your score, the official free-response questions we linked to above include sample responses to help you get an idea of the score you'd get for each question. 3. For free-response question #6, multiply your score by 3.125. 4. Add the scores you got in steps 1-3 together to get your Composite Score. For example, say you got 30 questions correct on the multiple-choice section, 13 points on questions 1-5, and 2 points on question 6. Your score would be (30 x 1.25) + (13 x 1.875) + (2 x 3.125) = 68.125 which rounds to 68 points. By looking at the chart below, you can see that'd get you a 4 on the AP Statistics exam. Below is a conversion chart so you can see how raw score ranges translate into final AP scores. I've also included the percentage of students who earned each score in 2017 to give you an idea of what the score distribution looks like: Composite Score AP Score Percentage of Students Earning Each Score (2017) 70-100 5 13.6% 57-69 4 15.9% 44-56 3 24.8% 33-43 2 20.2% 0-32 1 25.5% Source: The College Board Where Can You Find Practice AP Stats Tests? Practice tests are an important part of your AP Stats prep. There are official and unofficial AP Stats practice tests available. Below are some of the best practice tests to use. Official Practice Tests 2012 Complete Practice Test 1997 Complete Practice Test Free-Response Questions 1998-2017 Unofficial Practice Tests Barron's Practice Test To learn more about where to find AP Statistics practice tests and how to use them, check out our complete guide to AP Statistics practice exams. 3 Tips for the AP Statistics Exam In this section we go over three of the most useful tips you can use when preparing for and taking the AP Statistics test. Follow these and you're more likely to get a great score on the exam. #1: For Free Response, Answer the Entire Question As we mentioned earlier, free-response questions on AP Stats are graded holistically, which means you'll get one score for the entire question. This is different from many other AP exams where each correct component you include in a free-response question gets you a certain number of points, and those points are then added up to get your total score for that question. The Stats free-response questions are graded holistically because there are often multiple correct answers in statistics depending on how you solve the problem and explain your answer. This means you can't just answer part of the question and expect to get a good score, even if you've answered that part perfectly. If you've ignored a large part of the problem, your score will be low no matter what. So instead of trying to get a point here and there by including a correct formula or solving one part of a question, make sure you're looking at the entire problem and answering it as completely as possible. Also, if you need to include an explanation, be sure it explains your thought process and the steps you took. If your explanation shows you understand important stats concepts, it could help you get a higher score even if your final answer isn't perfect. Aiming for the most complete response possible is also important if you can't answer one part of a question that's needed to answer other parts. For example, if you can't figure out what the answer to part A is, but you need to use that answer for parts B and C, just make up an answer (try to keep it logical), and use that answer to solve the other parts, or explain in detail how you'd solve the problem if you knew what the answer to part A was. If you can show you know how to solve the latter problems correctly, you'll likely get some credit for showing you understand the stats concepts being tested. #2: Know How to Use Your Calculator You'll need a graphing calculator to answer pretty much every question on the Stats exam, so make sure you know how to use it. Ideally, the calculator you use on test day will be the same one you've been doing homework and taking tests with throughout the school year so you know exactly how to use it. Knowing how to solve common stats functions on your calculator and interpret the answers you get will save you a lot of time on the exam. Your calculator will likely be most useful on the multiple-choice section where you don't need to worry about showing work. Just plug in the data you're given into your calculator, and run the right equations. Then you'll have your answer! #3: Know Your Vocabulary You may think that since AP Stats is a math course, vocab won't be an important part of the test, but you need to know quite a few terms to do well on this exam. Confusing right- and left-skewed or random sampling and random allocation, for example, could lead to you losing tons of points on the test. During the school year, stay on top of any new terms you learn in class. Making flashcards of the terms and quizzing yourself regularly is a great way to stay up-to-date on vocab. Many AP Stats prep books also include a glossary of important terms you can use while studying. Before the AP Stats exam, you should know all important terms like the back of your hand. Having a general idea isn't good enough. A big part of stats is being able to support your answers, and to do this you'll often need to use stats vocab in your explanations. Just stating the term won't earn you nearly as many points as being able to explain what the term is and how it supports your answer, so make sure you really know your vocab well. Summary: Statistics AP Exam The AP Statistics exam is three hours long and consists of 40 multiple-choice questions and six free-response questions. The content of the exam covers four main areas: exploring data, sampling and experimentation, anticipating patterns, and statistical inference. To prepare well for AP Stats exam questions, it's important to take practice exams and know how to grade them so you can estimate how well you'd do on the actual test. When studying for the AP exam, remember to answer the entire question for free response, know how to use your calculator, and be on top of stats vocabulary. What's Next? Feel the need to do some quick reviewing after looking through what'll be covered on the AP Stats exam? Take a spin through our guide to statistical significance to refresh yourself on how to run a t-test. How difficult is AP Stats compared to other AP classes? Get the answer by reading our guide to the hardest AP exams and classes. Wondering which other math classes you should take besides statistics? Math is often the trickiest subject to choose classes for, but our guide will help you figure out exactly which math classes to take for each year of high school. A prep book can be one of your best study resources for the AP Stats exam. But which prep book should you choose? Check out our guide to AP Stats prep books to learn which is the best and which you should avoid. 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